Response surface methodology toward the optimization of high-energy carotenoid extraction from Aristeus antennatus shrimp

High-energy assisted extraction techniques, like ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave assisted extraction (MAE), are widely applied over the last years for the recovery of bioactive compounds such as carotenoids, antioxidants and phenols from foods, animals and herbal natural sources. Especially for the case of xanthophylls, the main carotenoid group of crustaceans, they can be extracted in a rapid and quantitative way with the use of UAE and MAE.     

Generalized Jacobi spectral Galerkin method for fractional pantograph differential equation

This work is concerned with the extension of the Jacobi spectral Galerkin method to a class of nonlinear fractional pantograph differential equations. First, the fractional differential equation is converted to a nonlinear Volterra integral equation with weakly singular kernel. Second, we analyze the existence and uniqueness of solutions for the obtained integral equation. Then, the Galerkin method is used for solving the equivalent integral equation. The error estimates for the proposed method are also investigated. Finally, illustrative examples are presented to confirm our theoretical analysis.     

A volatolomic approach using cerumen as biofluid to diagnose bovine intoxication by Stryphnodendron rotundifolium

An innovative volatolomic approach employs the detection of biomarkers present in cerumen (earwax) to identify cattle intoxication by Stryphnodendron rotundifolium Mart., Fabaceae (popularly known as barbatimão). S. rotundifolium is a poisonous plant with the toxic compound undefined and widely distributed throughout the Brazilian territory. Cerumen samples from cattle of two local Brazilian breeds (‘Curraleiro Pé-Duro’ and ‘Pantaneiro’) were collected during an experimental intoxication protocol and analyzed using headspace (HS)/GC–MS followed by multivariate analysis (genetic algorithm for a partial least squares, cluster analysis, and classification and regression trees). A total of 106 volatile organic metabolites were identified in the cerumen samples of bovines. The intoxication by S. rotundifolium influenced the cerumen volatolomic profile of the bovines throughout the intoxication protocol. In this way, it was possible to detect biomarkers for cattle intoxication. Among the biomarkers, 2-octyldecanol and 9-tetradecen-1-ol were able to discriminate all samples between intoxicated and nonintoxicated bovines. The cattle intoxication diagnosis by S. rotundifolium was accomplished by applying the cerumen analysis using HS/GC–MS, in an easy, accurate, and noninvasive way. Thus, the proposed bioanalytical chromatography protocol is a useful tool in veterinary applications to determine this kind of intoxication.     

Identification of metabolic markers in patients with type 2 Diabetes by Ultrafast gas chromatography coupled to electronic nose. A pilot study

Metabolomics is a potential tool for the discovery of new biomarkers in the early diagnosis of diseases. An ultra-fast gas chromatography system equipped to an electronic nose detector (FGC eNose) was used to identify the metabolomic profile of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in type 2 diabetes (T2D) urine from Mexican population. A cross-sectional, comparative, and clinical study with translational approach was performed. We recruited twenty T2D patients and twenty-one healthy subjects. Urine samples were taken and analyzed by FGC eNose. Eighty-eight compounds were identified through Kovats's indexes. A natural variation of 30% between the metabolites, expressed by study groups, was observed in Principal Component 1 and 2 with a significant difference (p < 0.001). The model, performed through a Canonical Analysis of Principal coordinated (CAP), allowed a correct classification of 84.6% between healthy and T2D patients, with a 15.4% error. The metabolites 2-propenal, 2-propanol, butane- 2,3-dione and 2-methylpropanal, were increased in patients with T2D, and they were strongly correlated with discrimination between clinically healthy people and T2D patients. This study identified metabolites in urine through FGC eNose that can be used as biomarkers in the identification of T2D patients. However, more studies are needed for its implementation in clinical practice.     

Finite‐size corrections at the hard edge for the Laguerre β ensemble

A fundamental question in random matrix theory is to quantify the optimal rate of convergence to universal laws. We take up this problem for the Laguerre β ensemble, characterized by the Dyson parameter β, and the Laguerre weight , in the hard edge limit. The latter relates to the eigenvalues in the vicinity of the origin in the scaled variable . Previous work has established the corresponding functional form of various statistical quantities—for example, the distribution of the smallest eigenvalue, provided that . We show, using the theory of multidimensional hypergeometric functions based on Jack polynomials, that with the modified hard edge scaling , the rate of convergence to the limiting distribution is , which is optimal. In the case , general the explicit functional form of the distribution of the smallest eigenvalue at this order can be computed, as it can for and general . An iterative scheme is presented to numerically approximate the functional form for general .     

Analysis of new psychoactive substances in human urine by ultra‐high performance supercritical fluid and liquid chromatography: Validation and comparison

New psychoactive substances represent serious social and health problem as tens of new compounds are detected in Europe annually. They often show structural proximity or even isomerism, which complicates their analysis. Two methods based on ultra high performance supercritical fluid chromatography and ultra high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection were validated and compared. A simple dilute‐filter‐and‐shoot protocol utilizing propan‐2‐ol or methanol for supercritical fluid or liquid chromatography, respectively, was proposed to detect and quantify 15 cathinones and phenethylamines in human urine. Both methods offered fast separation (<3 min) and short total analysis time. Precision was well <15% with a few exceptions in liquid chromatography. Limits of detection in urine ranged from 0.01 to 2.3 ng/mL, except for cathinone (5 ng/mL) in supercritical fluid chromatography. Nevertheless, this technique distinguished all analytes including four pairs of isomers, while liquid chromatography was unable to resolve fluoromethcathinone regioisomers. Concerning matrix effects and recoveries, supercritical fluid chromatography produced more uniform results for different compounds and at different concentration levels. This work demonstrates the performance and reliability of supercritical fluid chromatography and corroborates its applicability as an alternative tool for analysis of new psychoactive substances in biological matrixes.     

卷积神经网络用于近红外光谱古筝面板木材分级

目前,我国乐器制作行业在古筝面板用木材等级的筛选上主要依赖于技师主观评判,但此法缺少科学理论的依据,效率低,客观性及出材率的提高等方面受到限制,无法满足乐器市场的大量需求。实现古筝面板用木材快速、智能化的分级工作是一个急需解决的课题。近红外光谱非常适用于测量含氢的有机物质。古筝面板木材主要化学成分的化学键均由含氢基团组成,不同等级板材的化学成分存在差异,这些差异反映在近红外光谱中,为判断木材等级提供了可能。同时卷积神经网络对非线性数据具有较强的特征提取能力,所以提出一种应用卷积神经网络模型对光谱数据进行分析的方法,进而判别木材的等级。应用了Savitzky Golay一阶、二阶微分两种预处理方法和核主成分分析、连续投影算法两种数据压缩方法,通过所设计的卷积神经网络模型以样本识别准确率和模型构建过程中的损失值作为判定指标选出最佳预处理和数据压缩方法。为了提高模型提取分析光谱数据的能力和避免过拟合现象,应用了多通道卷积核、批量归一化和early stopping策略,将通过两层卷积层提取的特征信息送入全连接层,从而充分提取剩余信息,通过Softmax函数获得板材的最终预测等级,从而确定了最终模型。最终Savitzky Golay一阶微分和核主成分分析为最佳数据处理方法,同时得出用于区分不同等级的古筝面板用木材的主要关键谱带,分别为1 163~1 243, 1 346~1 375和1 525~1 584 nm。将该模型应用于测试集样本,古筝面板用木材的等级识别准确率为95.5%。实验结果表明所提出的方法可以高效地处理光谱数据,有效识别区分不同等级的古筝面板用木材的关键特征,从而为广阔的乐器市场提供一定的技术支持。     

Fluorescence properties of riboflavin-functionalized mesoporous silica SBA-15 and riboflavin solutions in presence of different metal and organic cations

Riboflavin was covalently linked to mesoporous SBA-15 silica surface via grafting technique. Then fluorescence properties of the system obtained were analyzed in the presence of several metal and organic cations. Both quenching and strengthening of fluorescence as well as significant changes in the maximum fluorescence wavelength were observed. The results were compared with absorption and fluorescence data obtained for riboflavin water solutions.